McLaughlin DJ, Braver TS, Peelle JE (2021) Measuring the subjective cost of listening effort using a discounting task. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64:337–347. doi:10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00086 [PDF] [data and code]

Our adaptation of the COG-ED task as a way to quantify subjective difficulty during listening. We found greater effort in older relative to young adults, which was related to both hearing sensitivity and verbal working memory.

McLaughlin DJ, Zink M, Gaunt L, Spehar B, Van Engen KJ, Sommers MS, Peelle JE (In press). Pupillometry reveals cognitive demands of lexical competition during spoken word recognition in young and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01991-0 Preprint:doi:10.31234/osf.io/6pa3g [data and code]

We found greater cognitive effort for older adults than young adults when listening to single words in quiet.

Peelle JE (2018) Listening effort: How the cognitive consequences of acoustic challenge are reflected in brain and behavior. Ear and Hearing 39:204–214. doi:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000494 (PDF)

An overview of the background of studies supporting cognitive demands when speech is acoustically challenging.